It handles 98% of all loops I write, meaning I don't have to manage state (even for things like treating things like circular data). I find it removes many of the stupid errors I make when iterating over data, especially when I need nested loops and conditional accumulation.
I find it so provoking that someone implemented foreach and went "yes. That should be enough for everyone!"
Love Ruby. Wish I could use it more often. Always end up reaching for Python in day-to-day because of how mature and well-docunented the libs are.
Anyone who likes this kind of stuff, highly recommend Metaprogramming Ruby [2] by Paolo Perrota. Great look into Ruby innards and inspiring code examples. Gets me pumped
I like this article a lot but if you want to dig deeper and understand some of the negative consequences of Ruby's approach, you might like these two articles I wrote:
Agreed. While I think matz is a great language designer, I loved Alan Kay's philosophy. I'd like some language that is OOP centric in nature, fast, has an elegant syntax and learns from erlang's model (elixir isn't it unfortunately, but some ideas it got right).
If you want OOP than, yes, Elixir isn't it... maybe Pony? Curious what else you don't like about Elixir though besides not being OOP... it's definitely got messaging!
A robust static type system is what was missing for me, at least last time I looked.
Even something as basic as "if" is done with message passing and blocks in Smalltalk.
There's a method named "ifTrue:ifFalse:" in Smalltalk (with each ":" expecting an argument, in this case, a block).
You can also chain messages and make phrases: `anObject aMethod; anotherMethod; yourself.`
The Ruby equivalent has repetition: `an_object.a_method; an_object.another_method; an_object`
or requires a block: `an_object.tap { _1.a_method; _1.another_method}` (and we usually use newlines instead of ";")
In Ruby, methods called mainly for side effects rather than return value conventionally return the object itself, and so can be chanined by:
an_object.a_method.another_method
but, sure, it's less elegant (or at least less terse) than Smalltalk for the specific case of chaining invocations of methods with meaningful return values which are called for their side effects while discarding the return values.
I have found that chaining things in Smalltalk get immensely painful after just a couple elements. Unlike most other languages, I find myself reaching for silly little var names for lots of different things I would normally just let flow.
> But Python also looks up methods at runtime. Does that mean Python also does message passing? Not quite.
I don't think Ruby's "message passing" is fundamentally different from Python's "method calls". Ultimately, both languages implementations are very similar: both look up methods by name in a hash table and then call them.
IMO "message passing" is just an alternative metaphor for what Ruby does when you type `object.name`. The metaphor fits Ruby but not Python, because the languages do three things differently:
- Ruby only looks for `name` in `object.class` (and its superclasses), whereas Python first looks in `object` itself
- If Ruby finds `name`, it's guaranteed to be a method whereas in Python it could be a different kind of value
- Ruby immediately calls the method once it's found, whereas Python (generally) doesn't - instead it returns a binding to be called later
This means that in Ruby, `object.name` is always calling a method defined on `object.class`, with `self` set to `object`. That can be re-interpreted as "sending a message" to `object.class`.
In Python, `object.name` is a more general value lookup - maybe the result will be callable, maybe not.
> both look up methods by name in a hash table and then call them.
Except Ruby doesn't? cue `method_missing`. If you take only trivial examples you're not going to see much difference, this starts to show when you involve more advanced situations e.g with inheritance, and then you're drilling into singleton classes.
> Ruby immediately calls the method once it's found, whereas Python (generally) doesn't - instead it returns a binding to be called later
Again incorrect, `foo.bar` in Ruby and Python are two very fundamentally different things.
Python returns a binding to a method because it's an attribute accessor; when you throw inheritance into the mix it ends up that that attribute is inherited from the parent class, bound to the instance (which really in python means pass `self` as first argument), and - schematically - adding `()` after that ends up calling that bound method. If there's no attribute that's a no method error. It's all very C-ish and make believe, barely a notch above Go structs and their functions. The closest parallel in Ruby would be `foo.method(:bar).call()`
By contrast Ruby is going to send the :bar message along the inheritance chain, and if someone can respond it's going to invoke the responder's code, and surprise surprise method_missing happens only if it has exhausted inheritance but it's itself a method-slash-message; Oh and by the way the message passing is naturally so lazy that you can actually modify the inheritance chain -in flight- and inject a parent responder right before calling `super`. The whole notion of `binding` is a very concrete construct, way more rich that simply "hey I'm passing self as first argument". It becomes even more strange to "C&al. folks" when you start to involve singleton classes and start to realise weird things like Ruby classes are merely instances of the class Class and it's all instance turtles all the way down and all stupidly simple but you gotta have to wrap your head around it.
I surmise that so many differences and surprises have with Ruby are because most languages have some ALGOL legacy and Ruby is a conceptual heir to Smalltalk (and LISP†); the whole concept of open classes being another one: nothing is ever "finished" in Ruby!
Most of the time you don't have to care about these differences, until you do.
† While code isn't quite S-expr data in Ruby, there are more than enough first-class facilities that you can create and inject code entirely dynamically without resorting to `eval`ing strings.
Nice summary. I've been using Ruby both professionally and not for going on 20 years and I just today learned about singleton_class when attempting to build something like Rails' view helpers from first principles.
Thanks. I've been trying to put these bits in a succinct format:
Each chapter kind of builds up on the previous one. It's still WIP and far from complete but what's there has helped me onboard a few people to Ruby already.
You might be interested in the Classes and Ancestry chapters.
But here you refer to implementation details. Isn't the point about message passing that objects themselves communicate with one another through such messages? And in turn, messages can also be assumed to be small objects. I don't think any of those implementations really fulfil that as a meaning. Or perhaps I misunderstood Alan Kay here. He drew inspiration more from biological cells and communication pathways therein. Naturally biology can not be mapped 1:1 onto in-silico hardware, that wouldn't even make sense either - but for instance, erlang's model appears to me closer to different objects happily communicating with one another in a very flexible, safe, fault-tolerant manner. I don't think it is the implementation detail that is about message passing. I also don't think "sending a message" is the confinement either - it's an important but, but does not appear to capture all that is meant with a "message". A message could be many things, including objects that themselves could change at any moment in time again. I see it more as an intrinsic part of communication at all times.
I loved Smalltalk when I had to learn it for my first job out of college. Clean and clear OO with a flexible, play-inside-of-your-code runtime. Unfortunately the Smalltalk community is pretty small.
So imagine my delight when I found Ruby in 2005. It took the best of Perl and the best of Smalltalk and gave it a much better syntax than either, plus it had a massively growing community.
Ruby breaks a lot of the rules for what people claim they want (or should be allowed) from a programming language these days, but for me there’s still no more joyful and easy programming language to express my ideas.
Not all the best parts of Smalltalk, otherwise a IDE based experience with a JIT compiler would be there from the early days, that is an integral part of Smalltalk experience as developer.
A while back I tried out SuperCollider for programmatic music generation... I distinctly remember thinking, "this language feels like some weird awkward blend of Smalltalk and Ruby".
Somehow I hadn't thought of the two as similar or related to each other.
Anyway, certainly you can write in this style in Python, since functions are first-class objects. It just has limits on its anonymous functions, and doesn't happen to provide a `times` method on integers (at least partly because the old parser would have struggled with seeing `10.times` and thinking "this should be a floating-point number, but `t` isn't a decimal digit").
>>> class rint(int): # r for Ruby, of course
... def times(self, func):
... for i in range(self):
... func(i)
...
>>> rint(3).times(print)
0
1
2
> In Python, Java or C++, calling object.method() asks the compiler to find the method in the class and call it.
This is incorrect, as noted later. In Python, the lookup occurs at runtime. It also checks the object first, in most cases.
... The writing keeps anticipating my objections and then sort of correcting them and leaving something else not quite right. So trying to edit as I read has been frustrating. The point being, I just don't buy the philosophical difference that the author is trying to draw.
In Python the reason you're dealing with "attributes" rather than "messages" is because functions are first-class objects, which entails that they'll be treated the same way as ordinary data. A method call is two separate steps — the method-lookup and the actual attempt to "call" the result — which also has the implication that you can cache a "bound method" for later use. (By comparison, Ruby lets you "cache" the symbol, which in Python-think looks like some kind of magic string that tries to look itself up as an attribute name on other objects.)
But, I contend, this doesn't meaningfully change how the language is used overall.
> By including Enumerable and by implementing each, we get access to so many methods that we didn’t need to manually implement.
Okay, but in Python `map` and `filter` are just builtin functions, and you can use list comprehensions and `functools.reduce`. It's just a difference between external and internal iteration.
I think this misses the point. `times` is "better" than `for` because it's declarative, reads like English, etc. Which of course are opinions, but the implementation details (messaging passing or not) are irrelevant.
Example: Swift and Kotlin can do `Int#times` and don't need message passing to get it done.
Damn, I'm a fulltime Ruby blogger now?
> Leaving the handling of the loop to the method allows us to add behaviour to loops that are controlled by the object and not by the user. This is a nice way to add side-effects.
No, it's an absolutely horrible way to "add side-effects" which, usually, is already a horrible idea in its own right.
> Asking an object to iterate over itself allows objects to develop interfaces that dictate how to iterate.
That's true in pretty much any language? And since you need to know which iteration interface you need to use, it's not that much of an advantage.
> And now, when I see: `10.times { |i| puts "i = #{i}" }` I do not see a loop anymore.
Yeah, because it's not a loop: it may or may not run that block 10 times. Seriously, when a programmer's intention is "run something 10 times", the resulting expression arguably should not be "send that something to someone who, hopefully, will execute it 10 times".
Leaving the comfort of lisp, I have started to wonder: why are all the looping facilities in other languages so awful?
Standing on the shoulders of giants, I made this little abomination: https://rikspucko.koketteriet.se/bjoli/goof-loop
It handles 98% of all loops I write, meaning I don't have to manage state (even for things like treating things like circular data). I find it removes many of the stupid errors I make when iterating over data, especially when I need nested loops and conditional accumulation.
I find it so provoking that someone implemented foreach and went "yes. That should be enough for everyone!"
Love Ruby. Wish I could use it more often. Always end up reaching for Python in day-to-day because of how mature and well-docunented the libs are.
Anyone who likes this kind of stuff, highly recommend Metaprogramming Ruby [2] by Paolo Perrota. Great look into Ruby innards and inspiring code examples. Gets me pumped
I like this article a lot but if you want to dig deeper and understand some of the negative consequences of Ruby's approach, you might like these two articles I wrote:
https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2013/01/13/iteration-insi...
https://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2013/02/24/iteration-insi...
Like Alan Kay himself said, it wasn't about objects, but about messaging. [0]
[0] https://lists.squeakfoundation.org/pipermail/squeak-dev/1998...
Agreed. While I think matz is a great language designer, I loved Alan Kay's philosophy. I'd like some language that is OOP centric in nature, fast, has an elegant syntax and learns from erlang's model (elixir isn't it unfortunately, but some ideas it got right).
If you want OOP than, yes, Elixir isn't it... maybe Pony? Curious what else you don't like about Elixir though besides not being OOP... it's definitely got messaging!
A robust static type system is what was missing for me, at least last time I looked.
7 minutes of Pharroh Smalltalk for Rubyists: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOuZyOKa91o
Pharo
https://pharo.org/
Even something as basic as "if" is done with message passing and blocks in Smalltalk.
There's a method named "ifTrue:ifFalse:" in Smalltalk (with each ":" expecting an argument, in this case, a block).
You can also chain messages and make phrases: `anObject aMethod; anotherMethod; yourself.`
The Ruby equivalent has repetition: `an_object.a_method; an_object.another_method; an_object`
or requires a block: `an_object.tap { _1.a_method; _1.another_method}` (and we usually use newlines instead of ";")
In Ruby, methods called mainly for side effects rather than return value conventionally return the object itself, and so can be chanined by:
but, sure, it's less elegant (or at least less terse) than Smalltalk for the specific case of chaining invocations of methods with meaningful return values which are called for their side effects while discarding the return values.I have found that chaining things in Smalltalk get immensely painful after just a couple elements. Unlike most other languages, I find myself reaching for silly little var names for lots of different things I would normally just let flow.
Author here, I'd already shared it here.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45644349
Thank you for this article. It makes it easier to explain to newcomers to Ruby why not to use the `for` keyword.
You might like my other post too
https://tech.stonecharioteer.com/posts/2025/ruby-blocks/
Thanks for reading. I didn't expect to hit HN Front page a second time this month!!
And
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45681023
> But Python also looks up methods at runtime. Does that mean Python also does message passing? Not quite.
I don't think Ruby's "message passing" is fundamentally different from Python's "method calls". Ultimately, both languages implementations are very similar: both look up methods by name in a hash table and then call them.
IMO "message passing" is just an alternative metaphor for what Ruby does when you type `object.name`. The metaphor fits Ruby but not Python, because the languages do three things differently:
- Ruby only looks for `name` in `object.class` (and its superclasses), whereas Python first looks in `object` itself
- If Ruby finds `name`, it's guaranteed to be a method whereas in Python it could be a different kind of value
- Ruby immediately calls the method once it's found, whereas Python (generally) doesn't - instead it returns a binding to be called later
This means that in Ruby, `object.name` is always calling a method defined on `object.class`, with `self` set to `object`. That can be re-interpreted as "sending a message" to `object.class`.
In Python, `object.name` is a more general value lookup - maybe the result will be callable, maybe not.
> both look up methods by name in a hash table and then call them.
Except Ruby doesn't? cue `method_missing`. If you take only trivial examples you're not going to see much difference, this starts to show when you involve more advanced situations e.g with inheritance, and then you're drilling into singleton classes.
> Ruby immediately calls the method once it's found, whereas Python (generally) doesn't - instead it returns a binding to be called later
Again incorrect, `foo.bar` in Ruby and Python are two very fundamentally different things.
Python returns a binding to a method because it's an attribute accessor; when you throw inheritance into the mix it ends up that that attribute is inherited from the parent class, bound to the instance (which really in python means pass `self` as first argument), and - schematically - adding `()` after that ends up calling that bound method. If there's no attribute that's a no method error. It's all very C-ish and make believe, barely a notch above Go structs and their functions. The closest parallel in Ruby would be `foo.method(:bar).call()`
By contrast Ruby is going to send the :bar message along the inheritance chain, and if someone can respond it's going to invoke the responder's code, and surprise surprise method_missing happens only if it has exhausted inheritance but it's itself a method-slash-message; Oh and by the way the message passing is naturally so lazy that you can actually modify the inheritance chain -in flight- and inject a parent responder right before calling `super`. The whole notion of `binding` is a very concrete construct, way more rich that simply "hey I'm passing self as first argument". It becomes even more strange to "C&al. folks" when you start to involve singleton classes and start to realise weird things like Ruby classes are merely instances of the class Class and it's all instance turtles all the way down and all stupidly simple but you gotta have to wrap your head around it.
I surmise that so many differences and surprises have with Ruby are because most languages have some ALGOL legacy and Ruby is a conceptual heir to Smalltalk (and LISP†); the whole concept of open classes being another one: nothing is ever "finished" in Ruby!
Most of the time you don't have to care about these differences, until you do.
† While code isn't quite S-expr data in Ruby, there are more than enough first-class facilities that you can create and inject code entirely dynamically without resorting to `eval`ing strings.
Nice summary. I've been using Ruby both professionally and not for going on 20 years and I just today learned about singleton_class when attempting to build something like Rails' view helpers from first principles.
Thanks. I've been trying to put these bits in a succinct format:
https://lloeki.github.io/illustrated-ruby/
Each chapter kind of builds up on the previous one. It's still WIP and far from complete but what's there has helped me onboard a few people to Ruby already.
You might be interested in the Classes and Ancestry chapters.
But here you refer to implementation details. Isn't the point about message passing that objects themselves communicate with one another through such messages? And in turn, messages can also be assumed to be small objects. I don't think any of those implementations really fulfil that as a meaning. Or perhaps I misunderstood Alan Kay here. He drew inspiration more from biological cells and communication pathways therein. Naturally biology can not be mapped 1:1 onto in-silico hardware, that wouldn't even make sense either - but for instance, erlang's model appears to me closer to different objects happily communicating with one another in a very flexible, safe, fault-tolerant manner. I don't think it is the implementation detail that is about message passing. I also don't think "sending a message" is the confinement either - it's an important but, but does not appear to capture all that is meant with a "message". A message could be many things, including objects that themselves could change at any moment in time again. I see it more as an intrinsic part of communication at all times.
I loved Smalltalk when I had to learn it for my first job out of college. Clean and clear OO with a flexible, play-inside-of-your-code runtime. Unfortunately the Smalltalk community is pretty small.
So imagine my delight when I found Ruby in 2005. It took the best of Perl and the best of Smalltalk and gave it a much better syntax than either, plus it had a massively growing community.
Ruby breaks a lot of the rules for what people claim they want (or should be allowed) from a programming language these days, but for me there’s still no more joyful and easy programming language to express my ideas.
Not all the best parts of Smalltalk, otherwise a IDE based experience with a JIT compiler would be there from the early days, that is an integral part of Smalltalk experience as developer.
A while back I tried out SuperCollider for programmatic music generation... I distinctly remember thinking, "this language feels like some weird awkward blend of Smalltalk and Ruby".
Somehow I hadn't thought of the two as similar or related to each other.
Anyway, certainly you can write in this style in Python, since functions are first-class objects. It just has limits on its anonymous functions, and doesn't happen to provide a `times` method on integers (at least partly because the old parser would have struggled with seeing `10.times` and thinking "this should be a floating-point number, but `t` isn't a decimal digit").
> In Python, Java or C++, calling object.method() asks the compiler to find the method in the class and call it.This is incorrect, as noted later. In Python, the lookup occurs at runtime. It also checks the object first, in most cases.
... The writing keeps anticipating my objections and then sort of correcting them and leaving something else not quite right. So trying to edit as I read has been frustrating. The point being, I just don't buy the philosophical difference that the author is trying to draw.
In Python the reason you're dealing with "attributes" rather than "messages" is because functions are first-class objects, which entails that they'll be treated the same way as ordinary data. A method call is two separate steps — the method-lookup and the actual attempt to "call" the result — which also has the implication that you can cache a "bound method" for later use. (By comparison, Ruby lets you "cache" the symbol, which in Python-think looks like some kind of magic string that tries to look itself up as an attribute name on other objects.)
But, I contend, this doesn't meaningfully change how the language is used overall.
> By including Enumerable and by implementing each, we get access to so many methods that we didn’t need to manually implement.
Okay, but in Python `map` and `filter` are just builtin functions, and you can use list comprehensions and `functools.reduce`. It's just a difference between external and internal iteration.
I think this misses the point. `times` is "better" than `for` because it's declarative, reads like English, etc. Which of course are opinions, but the implementation details (messaging passing or not) are irrelevant.
Example: Swift and Kotlin can do `Int#times` and don't need message passing to get it done.
Damn, I'm a fulltime Ruby blogger now?
> Leaving the handling of the loop to the method allows us to add behaviour to loops that are controlled by the object and not by the user. This is a nice way to add side-effects.
No, it's an absolutely horrible way to "add side-effects" which, usually, is already a horrible idea in its own right.
> Asking an object to iterate over itself allows objects to develop interfaces that dictate how to iterate.
That's true in pretty much any language? And since you need to know which iteration interface you need to use, it's not that much of an advantage.
> And now, when I see: `10.times { |i| puts "i = #{i}" }` I do not see a loop anymore.
Yeah, because it's not a loop: it may or may not run that block 10 times. Seriously, when a programmer's intention is "run something 10 times", the resulting expression arguably should not be "send that something to someone who, hopefully, will execute it 10 times".